We usually cannot know the details of the various drive technologies used by the machine just by observation. In principle, if you want to complete the action you need to perform, it is possible to select the main drive feed drive or auxiliary drive.
Main drive: The main drive is mainly closed-loop control, and most of them use synchronous or asynchronous motors. Practical applications include turning, milling and grinding machines, as well as kit motors or housed motors used in machining centers. A conventional spindle drive with a main motor is a widely used main drive, mostly air cooled. This approach is less expensive than a motor spindle system if one considers indirect or dispatched cost.
On the other hand, adding a gearbox to the spindle translates angular velocity and torque into machining tasks, but in turn, the gearbox creates excess radial force, creates noise and increases wear.
At the same time, the main drive with the matching motor (with integrated spindle) is technically mature. Since the gearbox and clutch can be eliminated, these drives can be rotated around the center without shearing forces; these drives stand out because of their long-term smooth operation and minimal wear, especially at high speeds. Performance when machining.
At present, the cost of generating a higher torque is still high, because it means that planetary gears must be integrated in the crankshaft or a more powerful motor must be selected. In order to achieve regular maintenance and repair, integrating monitoring sensors onto the spindle to obtain measurement data will become a standard. Cooling with oil, air or glycol is still essential.
Feed drives: The choice of feed drive technology is mainly between electromechanical or hydraulic systems. In order to make the right decision, it is necessary to carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages unique to both systems. In electromechanical feed drives, servo motors equipped with ball screws are currently dominant, converting rotary motion into linear motion. Here, synchronous main motors are preferred because they meet the higher requirements of the feed drive for positioning, synchronization, and dynamics than the main drive.
Due to the high static stiffness of the feed drive system, it is suitable for a wide range of applications and has always been regarded as a traditional choice. But it has a disadvantage, that is, it is easy to wear. Depending on the installation conditions and the required torque strength, the servo motor can be connected to the spindle either directly or indirectly (for example via a synchronous belt). Although the principle of linear motors was introduced as early as the 19th century, the technology did not enter the field of machine tool applications until the early 1990s. At the time, Rexroth assembled the first series-excited motor with a linear motor. This drive has the advantages of anti-wear, high stiffness and good dynamic performance for a satisfactory quality. This means that this drive guarantees a higher-precision, trouble-free operation of the system over a long period of time compared to ball screw assemblies with indirect position detection systems.
load capacity
The load capacity of a drive is one aspect that limits its use. Of course, this does not mean that ball screw assembly and hydraulic drive solutions cannot be used in the face of greater resistance. Another major criterion for measuring motor drives is to measure their actual support for machine components, such as a swarf cover with maximum allowable sliding speed and a rack rail with damping behavior. The benefits of linear motor drives have been compromised by the associated increase in investment costs, and as of now, this shortcoming has prevented the drive technology from making breakthroughs globally.
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