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Vertical axial flow pumps are a type of vane pump known for their high flow rate, low head, and high specific speed. They offer excellent efficiency, a compact design, and the ability to adjust performance parameters, making them ideal for low-head applications such as agricultural irrigation, urban water supply and drainage systems, and circulating water transport in thermal power plants.
The basic operation of an axial flow pump involves drawing water from a suction basin through an intake bell, where it is accelerated by the rotating impeller. The water then moves into the guide vanes, which help convert kinetic energy into pressure energy. Finally, the water exits through the discharge elbow. The pump is connected to the motor via a rigid coupling, while the intermediate shaft uses a flexible coupling to accommodate movement. The motor bearings support the entire downward axial load of the rotor, ensuring smooth and stable operation.
Axial flow pumps can be categorized based on whether the blade angle is adjustable:
1. **Fixed Blade Axial Flow Pump**: The impeller and blades are permanently fixed, with no adjustment possible during operation.
2. **Semi-Adjustable Blade Axial Flow Pump**: Blades can be adjusted only when the pump is shut down, typically in predefined angles (0°, ±2°, ±4°, etc.).
3. **Fully Adjustable Blade Axial Flow Pump**: A mechanical or hydraulic adjustment system allows for continuous, stepless control of the blade angle, either manually, electrically, or via computer.
The intake design of axial flow pumps, especially large ones, must be carefully engineered to ensure optimal performance, including efficiency and cavitation resistance. This requires formal design by a specialized engineering institute.
There are two main installation types: wet pit and dry pit. In a wet pit installation, the pump is partially or fully submerged in the liquid being pumped. In a dry pit setup, the pump is entirely surrounded by air, and water is directed into the pump via an elbow.
For installation, there are two common configurations: double-base and single-base. In a double-base setup, the pump and motor are mounted separately on different foundations, with the motor bearing handling the axial force. In a single-base setup, the pump and motor are integrated and mounted together on one foundation, simplifying the structure and reducing the load on the base.
Another important feature is the removable rotor design, which allows the rotor and its components, including the guide vanes, to be extracted without disassembling the discharge piping. This makes maintenance easier and reduces the lifting weight.
Lubrication and protection of the pump shaft are crucial, especially when handling abrasive or corrosive fluids like river water or seawater. Water-lubricated rubber bearings are often used, and in such cases, protective sleeves are installed to isolate the shaft and bearings from the harsh media, ensuring long-term reliability and performance.