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Vertical axial flow pumps are a type of vane pump characterized by high flow rates, low head, high specific speed, and excellent efficiency. These pumps occupy minimal space and offer adjustable performance parameters, making them ideal for low-head applications such as agricultural irrigation, urban water supply and drainage systems, and circulating water transportation in thermal power plants.
The basic structure of an axial flow pump includes the suction pool, intake bell, impeller, guide vanes, and discharge elbow. Water enters through the suction pool and is drawn into the impeller, where it is accelerated by the rotating blades. The energy is then converted into pressure within the guide vanes, allowing the water to be discharged through the pump casing and the discharge elbow. The pump is connected to the motor via a rigid coupling, while the intermediate shaft uses a flexible coupling to allow for some movement. The motor bearings support all the downward axial forces from the rotor.
Axial flow pumps can be categorized based on their blade adjustability:
- **Fixed Blade Axial Flow Pump**: The impeller and blades are permanently fixed, with no adjustment possible.
- **Semi-Adjustable Blade Axial Flow Pump**: Blades can be adjusted when the machine is shut down, typically in predefined angles (e.g., 0°, ±2°, ±4°).
- **Fully Adjustable Blade Axial Flow Pump**: Blades can be continuously adjusted using mechanical or hydraulic systems, often controlled manually, electrically, or via computer.
Proper installation is crucial for optimal performance. The intake design must be carefully engineered to ensure smooth water flow and prevent issues like cavitation. There are two main installation types: wet pit and dry pit. In wet pit installations, the pump is partially or fully submerged in the liquid. In dry pit installations, the pump is surrounded by air, and water is directed into the pump through an elbow.
Installation methods also vary. A **double-base** setup involves separate foundations for the pump and motor, while a **single-base** system integrates both components on one foundation. Each configuration affects how the load is distributed during operation.
To facilitate maintenance, many axial flow pumps feature a removable rotor design. This allows the rotor and its components, including guide vanes, to be extracted without dismantling the discharge piping, reducing lifting weight and simplifying repairs.
Lubrication and protection of the pump shaft are essential, especially when handling abrasive or corrosive fluids like river or seawater. Water-lubricated rubber bearings are commonly used, and protective sleeves may be installed to isolate the shaft and bearings from harsh media, ensuring long-term reliability and performance.