The four important components of the peripheral equipment of the sound reinforcement system are: frequency divider, exciter, equalizer, and pressure limiter. Of course, these previously appeared hardware devices have now been centralized in a digital audio processor. It's just splitting and talking about their respective features.
Frequency divider
The task of the frequency divider is to divide the audio signals of different frequency bands into groups, and the divided signals are output to the rear stage respectively to be amplified, and finally sent to the speakers (high, medium and low units) of the corresponding frequency band for playback. High-quality audio playback often requires crossover processing.
Dividers are roughly divided into two types
功率 Power divider
Electronic frequency divider
Located behind the power amplifier, set inside the speaker, through the LC filter network (ie, LC filter principle), the power audio signal output by the power amplifier is divided into bass, midrange and high pitch, respectively sent to the speakers of their respective frequency bands.
The connection is simple and easy to use, but power consumption, there will be audio Valley, resulting in cross-distortion, its parameters are directly related to the speaker impedance, and the speaker's impedance is a function of the frequency, a large deviation from the nominal value, so the error Also large, not conducive to adjustment.
Before the power amplifier, that is, the device for dividing the frequency of the audio signal before performing the power amplification, the frequency is divided and then amplified by separate power amplifiers to drive the corresponding speaker unit.
Since the signal current is small, it can be realized with a smaller power electronic active filter, which makes adjustment easier, reduces power loss, reduces interference between speaker units, and has a small signal loss. However, since an independent (amplification characteristic for this band) power amplifier is used for each channel, the cost is high and the circuit structure is complicated.
Exciter
The exciter is a harmonic generator that uses human psychoacoustic characteristics to modify and beautify sound signals. By adding a high-frequency harmonic component to the sound and other methods, it is possible to improve sound quality and timbre, improve the penetration of the sound, and increase the spatial feeling of the sound.
Many exciter products can not only create high-frequency harmonics, but also have functions such as low-frequency extension and preset parameters of the music style, making bass more perfect and music more expressive.
Using a good exciter in the mix can also improve the clarity, intelligibility and expressiveness of the sound, making the sound more pleasing, reducing listening fatigue and increasing loudness. Although the exciter only adds about 0.5 dB of harmonics to the sound, it actually sounds like the volume is increased by about 10 dB, which increases the loudness of the sound.
Not only that, with good exciter can also make the sound positioning clear and structured. Because the audio signal will lose high-frequency harmonic components during transmission and recording, and high-frequency noise occurs, the use of an exciter can effectively compensate the signal. The adjustment of the exciter needs artificially discriminating the sound quality and timbre of the system, and then adjusting according to the subjective hearing evaluation.
Equalizer
An equalizer is an electronic device that can independently adjust the amplification or attenuation of various frequency components of an audio signal, compensates for defects in the speaker and sound field, adjusts the sound source, and other special uses by adjusting various frequency components of the audio signal.
Equalizers are roughly divided into three categories
⊙ icon equalizer
Parametric Equalizer
⊙ Room Equalizer
Also known as the graphic equalizer, through the distribution of push-pull keys on the panel, it can intuitively reflect the equalized compensation curve that is called out. The improvement and attenuation of each frequency are clear at a glance. It adopts a constant Q value technique and each frequency point has a push-pull. Potentiometers, whether boosted or attenuated at a certain frequency, the filter's frequency bandwidth (Q value) is always constant.
The commonly used professional graphic equalizer is to divide the 20Hz-20kHz signal into 10 sections, 15 sections, 27 sections, and 31 sections for adjustment. In this way, people can choose different frequency equalizers according to different requirements.
The 10-band equalizer frequency points are distributed at octave intervals; the 15-band equalizer is a 2/3-octave equalizer and is usually used when the requirement is not very high; the 31-band equalizer is 1/3 octave. Equalizers are used in more important situations where fine adjustment and compensation are required. Graphical equalizers are simple, intuitive, and widely used.
Also known as the parametric equalizer, an equalizer that can be finely tuned for various parameters of the equalization adjustment. The parameters of the adjustment include the frequency band, frequency point, gain, and Q value, which can beautify and modify the sound and make the sound (or music) style. It is more distinctive, colorful and colorful to achieve the desired artistic effect.
Room equalizer: The equalizer used to adjust the frequency response curve in the room. Because the decorative materials have different absorption (or reflection) frequencies at different frequencies and the acoustic resonance is caused by the effect of the normal resonance (standing wave), the room must be used. The equalizer objectively compensates and adjusts for frequency defects due to acoustic construction.
The finer the frequency band is, the sharper the adjustment peak is, that is, the higher the Q is, the finer the adjustment is. The thicker the frequency band is, the wider the adjustment is. When the transmission frequency characteristic curve of the sound field is complex, it is difficult to compensate. .
compressor
Compressor is a general term for compressors and limiters. It can compress the dynamics of audio electrical signals or limit it to a certain range.
The design principle of the compressor is a variable gain amplifier, and its amplification (gain) can be automatically changed according to the strength of the input signal and is inversely proportional. When the input signal rises above the set critical value (threshold), the higher part will be compressed according to the set ratio. When the compression ratio exceeds 10:1, the compressor becomes a limiter, so the limiter is actually On the compressor is a special case, the limiter compression ratio of 10:1 - 20:1, which is equivalent to the signal set an insurmountable upper limit.
The pressure limiter can make the audio signal change smoothly and unobtrusively, which can play a role in increasing the pressure and reducing the size, effectively preventing excessive distortion, and limiting the peak value of the large-level signal to protect the subsequent equipment from damage.
By setting its noise gate parameters, the noise level can be well reduced, and the signal-to-noise ratio of the signal transmission channel can be improved.
In terms of beautifying and modifying the sound, sound sources (vocals, musical instruments, etc.) can be made sound and powerful, and the details can be clearly identified.
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