Researchers in Norway are working on a membrane-less sodium-zinc liquid metal cell that is said to work with renewable energy systems to achieve large-scale energy storage systems. A team of researchers at the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) developed a battery system with three layers of liquid: the top sodium as the negative electrode, the middle layer the sodium chloride-based electrolyte, the bottom layer The zinc is positive. The researchers aimed to develop the concept of a liquid metal cell (LMB) based on static molten salt without having to use an ion-selective membrane. The materials being explored by researchers are relatively plentiful and inexpensive, with less impact on the environment. Implementing these new concepts in liquid metal cells will help to make current densities higher and safer than existing molten salt battery systems and allow for lower manufacturing costs. To avoid reactions between zinc-containing ions and sodium electrodes, researchers placed porous membranes or spacers between the electrodes. The use of cheaper and more durable diaphragm materials replaces the easy-to-crack, expensive β-alumina ion selective membrane, thereby significantly improving the performance of liquid metal cells while reducing costs. The researchers chose to use immiscible electrolytes and electrodes to help ensure a safe battery system that would discharge less likely to cause mechanical problems without any undesirable effects such as a fire or explosion. This is comparable to sodium-sulfur (NaS) molten salt batteries proven to be used for grid storage; however, sodium-ion selective membranes must be used for NaS molten salt batteries, but this adds substantial expense and impedance to the battery and, in the event of a thin film rupture There will be a violent reaction and even a fire. NTNU's research team is now working with SINTEF, a local molten-salt electrochemical specialist, to create lab-scale battery designs and developments, as well as battery performance and materials testing. The program will be held until 2018 and will be sponsored by The Research Council of Norway. Synthetic Scraping Wiper Linkage
For over a century, automobiles have been equipped with one or more windshield wipers. The earliest was a hand operated unit: handle on the inside of the windshield, brush on the outside, with a connector passed through the frame. Soon after, the rubber squeegee replaced the brush. Today we have computerized mechanisms that sense rain, start their process automatically, and clear windshields continuously unassisted, intermittently as chosen, or automatically as needed.
Progressive change in the design, manufacturing, and production of windshield wipers and wiper systems have been largely uniform, due to standardized changes in technology and little change in the basic elements of weather. Industrialization has released acids into the atmosphere that weren`t there in vast numbers 100 years ago, but synthetic rubber, the use of stainless steel, and galvanizing processes, by and large, have worked well to fend off a significant impact on everyday reliability with only a fair share of incremental cost to the consumer. Still, though, windshield wiper arms and assemblies are not indestructible. By today`s standards a windshield wiper system will be in operation for about 12 years. Consumers will still find a need for after-market arms and assemblies during that period due to mechanical wear and prolonged exposure to the elements.
Switches, modules, circuit boards, and motors are the more expensive elements of the windshield wiper system. They fair better, in longevity, than arms, assemblies, and windshield wiper blades- more along the 12 years durability of the vehicles themselves. First off they are shielded from the elements of whether, and don`t require regular maintenance or human physical contact. Secondly, with the exception of motors or actuators, they don`t physically move, but rather passively handle the passage of low voltage electrons. If a motor does fail, more than likely the failure will not be a hardwire issue, but rather something that will signal a need for attention with noise, such as a worn bearing or damaged spline.
Since the outbreak of World War I (1914) the demand for rubber products has been instrumental in the growth of industrialization. Shortages due to geopolitical changes in South America and Asia spurred the need for synthetic rubber. By 1943, two years after the start of WWII, petroleum based synthetic rubber surpassed the supply of natural rubber. Windshield wiper blades followed suit, but despite advancements, synthetic or natural, rubber windshield wiper blades continue to succumb to elements of acid rain, fluctuating temperature, and constant friction.
Dirt, grease, and grime are among the most common problems associated with wiper blades. The good news is, dirt, grease, and grime can be removed by frequent cleaning with alcohol wipes or soap and water. A small amount of petroleum jelly will replenish the natural oils lost under normal conditions. If you don`t expect the blades to do the work of an ice scraper, your blades will surprise you with their longevity, barring unexpected injury do to road hazards and abuse. Make sure to physically remove ice and frozen grime from your windshield and wiper blades prior to running the windshield wipers.
When your wipers leave fine streaks and lines on your windshield, and cleaning the blades has no effect, or when your wipers become noisy as they move across the windshield- check for damage such as rips, bends, and brittleness. If you find the blades are damaged, replace them with refills when available or assemblies from your local automotive retailer.
If the wipers appear to jump along the windshield at high speeds or leave large streaks on your windshield under every day conditions, pull the windshield Wiper Arm back and inspect the springs and linkage. Sometimes their function can be restored with a lubricant. If not, then, replace the arm or assembly as needed with any one of the fine replacements found in your local retailer. Some retailers will install blades, assemblies, and arms free with your purchase.
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